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The pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has highlighted the importance of efficient waste heat recovery in nuclear power plants, with thermoelectric materials emerging as a promising technology to enhance waste heat recovery while mitigating corrosion in critical components; this review examines the current applications of thermoelectric materials in nuclear power plants and their potential to address corrosion challenges associated with waste heat recovery systems, noting that nuclear power plants generate significant waste heat during operation which, if harnessed effectively, can improve overall energy efficiency, but the high-temperature environment and aggressive chemical conditions can lead to corrosion, compromising system components; thermoelectric materials, capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical energy, offer a dual benefit by enabling waste heat recovery and reducing thermal and chemical stress on materials to minimize corrosion, and this review explores various thermoelectric materials, such as bismuth telluride, lead telluride, and silicon-germanium alloys, assessing their performance in high-temperature environments typical of nuclear power plants, while discussing innovative thermoelectric device designs, including modules integrated with existing waste heat recovery systems to enhance thermal management and address corrosion issues, and highlighting advancements in material engineering, such as nanostructuring and compositional optimization, which have improved thermoelectric efficiency and corrosion resistance; through case studies and experimental results, this review provides insights into the effectiveness of thermoelectric materials in real-world nuclear applications, concluding that the integration of thermoelectric materials in waste heat recovery systems of nuclear power plants is a significant step toward enhancing energy efficiency while mitigating corrosion risks, with future research focusing on developing novel thermoelectric materials with superior performance characteristics and exploring their scalability in commercial nuclear applications.