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Non-destructive testing (NDT) is critical in ensuring various materials’ and structures’ integrity and safety by detecting flaws without causing damage. Early flaw detection is essential for preventing catastrophic failures, reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing operational efficiency. This research paper comprehensively reviews non-destructive techniques for early flaw detection in inspections. The paper begins with an introduction to the significance of flaw detection and the motivation behind employing non-destructive techniques. It proceeds with a thorough literature review, summarizing existing research and highlighting the strengths and limitations of different methods. The main section of the paper delves into the description and principles of common non-destructive techniques, including Ultrasonic Testing (UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT), Eddy Current Testing (ECT), Thermography, Acoustic Emission Testing (AET), and others. The efficacy of each technique is explored through various case studies and real-world applications across diverse industries. Advantages, limitations, and factors influencing technique selection in specific scenarios are critically analyzed. Furthermore, the paper discusses recent advancements and emerging technologies in non-destructive testing that offer potential improvements for early flaw detection. It also covers relevant international and industry-specific standards and regulations governing NDT, emphasizing their significance in enhancing inspection reliability. The conclusion reaffirms the importance of non-destructive techniques for early flaw detection. It proposes future research directions to overcome existing challenges. This review aims to provide engineers, researchers, and practitioners with valuable insights into the state-of-the-art NDT methods, fostering continuous improvement in early flaw detection and ensuring the safety and reliability of critical infrastructures and materials.