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The oil and gas sector faces unprecedented human resource (HR) challenges in an era marked by profound energy transitions. This study delves into these challenges, aiming to elucidate the evolving HR landscape in the context of global energy shifts. The purpose is to dissect the impact of these transitions on HR practices and to chart a strategic course for HR in navigating these changes.The study conducted a comprehensive literature review through a rigorous methodology guided by stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. This approach ensured a focused examination of relevant scholarly works, providing a foundation for a thematic analysis that unearthed key patterns and insights. The study’s scope spanned various facets of HR challenges in the oil and gas sector, ranging from workforce management and skill development to the strategic role of HR in industry adaptation and resilience. Central findings reveal a sector grappling with the need for adaptive workforce strategies, skill enhancement for emerging technologies, and the cultivation of inclusive work environments. The role of HR technology in managing transition-related challenges and the importance of fostering a resilient organizational culture were also highlighted. Strategic HR planning emerged as a crucial element for ensuring long-term industry sustainability. Conclusively, the study underscores the criticality of an agile, strategic HR approach in the face of these industry transformations. Recommendations emphasize the necessity for ongoing adaptation, skill development, and technological integration. This research contributes significantly to the discourse on HR management in the oil and gas sector, offering a roadmap for practitioners and scholars navigating this evolving landscape.